Bush OKs Tribunal to Try Terrorists Photos AP Photo

By ANNE GEARAN, Associated Press Writer WASHINGTON (AP) - The Sept. 11 attacks and the threat of new terrorism justify President Bush (news - web sites)'s decision to allow the trial of noncitizens by military tribunals, administration officials say. The United States has not seen such tribunals since World War II. Bush approved the framework for such a court Tuesday, for possible use in cases involving terror assaults. His emergency order does not require approval from Congress. ``This is a new tool to use against terrorism,'' White House Counsel Albert Gonzales said. A special military court could try accused terrorists in greater secrecy than a conventional court, and much more quickly, lawyers in and out of government said. Rules for such a court could give the government a freer hand to introduce evidence or statements that probably would be excluded from a regular criminal trial, and military jurors might be more likely to vote for a death sentence, said David B. Rivkin, a Washington lawyer who published a legal paper on Bush's options this month. Convicted terrorists might be executed shortly after a trial, with few or none of the long delays for additional court appeals common in criminal courts, lawyers said. ``The easy way (for the government) to go is a military commission,'' former military prosecutor A. Jeff Ifrah said. Unlike U.S. district courts or military courts-martial, ``a commission is governed by whatever the president and to a certain extent the Congress dictate,'' Ifrah added. Military commissions date to the late 17th century, operating side by side with the better-known courts-martial. The United States last convened one on orders from President Franklin D. Roosevelt after German saboteurs secretly landed on U.S. shores in 1942. Detention and trial of accused terrorists by a military tribunal is necessary ``to protect the United States and its citizens, and for the effective conduct of military operations and prevention of terrorist attacks,'' Bush's five-page order said. The administration also could hold a trial in an ordinary criminal court, but said it wanted the option of using a military court. In either a military or a civilian court, any suspect would retain rights to a lawyer and to a trial by jury, the administration said. ``These are extraordinary times and the president wants to have as many options as possible. This option does not preclude any Department of Justice (news - web sites) options that might also be available,'' said Mindy Tucker, Justice Department (news - web sites) spokeswoman. Bush's order sets out many of the rules for a future military tribunal and rights of anyone held accountable there. A senior Justice Department official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said only noncitizens would be tried before the commission. The defense secretary would follow up with more specifics should a tribunal be needed, the White House said. Anyone ever held for trial before such a court would certainly challenge its legitimacy, said Eugene Fidell, president of the National Institute of Military Justice in Washington, and a lawyer who regularly practices before military courts. ``This is going to raise a raft of legal issues and will be a test of the president's power,'' Fidell said. Gonzales, the president's top lawyer, said a military commission could preserve the secrecy of U.S. investigations into terror networks. In a conventional court, a victory might require giving other terrorists information about U.S. ``sources and methods,'' Gonzales said. ``We don't want to have to do that.'' A military trial also could be held overseas, and Gonzales said prosecutors may feel a trial in America would be unsafe. Recent terrorism trials have taken place under heavy security in U.S. criminal courts, where the rules require the government to reveal its evidence either in open court or in filings it must fight to keep secret. Laura W. Murphy, director of the Washington office of the American Civil Liberties Union (news - web sites), said for a military trial to have constitutional legitimacy, Bush must justify why ordinary courts could not do the job. ``Absent such a compelling justification, today's order is deeply disturbing and further evidence that the administration is totally unwilling to abide by the checks and balances that are so central to our democracy,'' she said. Roosevelt had the World War II saboteurs secretly tried by military commission, and six were executed. The Supreme Court upheld the proceeding, although Rivkin said it is not clear whether that case would guide a modern challenge. An enemy who sneaked onto U.S. soil ``for the purposes of waging war by destruction of life or property'' was a combatant who could be tried in a military court, the Supreme Court ruled then. Military tribunals also were used during and after the Civil War.

-- Anonymous, November 14, 2001