BBC Thursday, 26 April, 2001, 19:12 GMT 20:12 UK

Oldest civilisation in the Americas

Caral was built long before the huge stone structures of Mexico

An ancient city in what is now Peru was built at the same time as the great pyramids of Egypt, archaeologists have revealed.

New evidence indicates the desert site at Caral, on the slopes of the Andes, was built between 2,600 BC and 2,000 BC.

This date pushes back the emergence of the first complex society in the New World by nearly 800 years.

And it suggests that the people behind the project were advanced enough to organise the labour needed to create the architectural wonder of the day.

Caral is one of 18 sites in central Peru's Supe Valley, which stretches eastward from the Pacific coastline, up the slopes of the Andes.

Earth pyramids

All the inland settlements once had architecture on a grand scale, including the six huge platform mounds seen at Caral.

Because of its size and complexity, archaeologists had thought Caral was built about 1,500 BC.

But carbon dating of plant samples found at the site add another 1,000 years or so to this figure.

That puts Caral in the same period as the great pyramids of Egypt, and long before the huge stone structures of Mexico.

"What we're learning from Caral is going to rewrite the way we think about the development of early Andean civilisation," said study leader Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago, US.

The Peruvian-American archaeological team says the pyramids and irrigation system show an organised society in which masses of people were paid, or compelled, to work on centralised projects.

This suggests that power and wealth were held by an elite group at a time when, in most of the Americas, people were still hunting and gathering in much smaller communities.

'Power'

"The size of a structure is really an indication of power," said Haas.

"It means that leaders of the society were able to get their followers to do lots of work."

What is surprising to archaeologists is that the city was created by a society that had yet to invent pottery or cultivate grain.

Its people grew peppers, beans, avocadoes and potatoes - all of which they roasted, having no pots to boil them in.

They also ate lots of anchovies, which may have been used in dried form as a kind of currency, as grain was later.

The research is published in the journal Science.

-- Anonymous, April 26, 2001

Answers

I have recently finished Jared Diamond's book, Guns, Germs & Steel. I find his theories are very plausible. No major civilizations develop without domesticated plants and probably also animals as their basis. That step is necessary to produce the excess populations necessary to develop the technology and be available to serve their .gov masters.

He's careful to stick to the generally recognized dates of earlier civilizations, and dismisses those much earlier. However, I think by his own theories that many of these wonders of the world, like the Sphinx, could not have been built unassisted by the peoples our history books tell us were responsible.

So, I find articles like this one fascinating, and IMO tremendously off-track. Statements like...

..."And it suggests that the people behind the project were advanced enough to organise the labour needed to create the architectural wonder of the day"...

..."This suggests that power and wealth were held by an elite group at a time when, in most of the Americas, people were still hunting and gathering in much smaller communities"...

..."The Peruvian-American archaeological team says the pyramids and irrigation system show an organised society in which masses of people were paid, or compelled, to work on centralised projects"...

And perhaps the most telling...

..."What is surprising to archaeologists is that the city was created by a society that had yet to invent pottery or cultivate grain"...

-- Anonymous, April 27, 2001

Ya know, that last line you mentioned sounded wrong to me too....

-- Anonymous, April 28, 2001