Response to push and pull??

When you push a film you are increasing it's speed from the manufacturer's rating and deliberately underexposing the film. For example: 400 rated film pushed to 800 would underexpose the film by one stop. You would use this method if you were shooting in low light conditions and needed a shutter speed fast enough to allow you to hand hold the camera. Pushing a film also increases its grain and this can be used to create interesting visual effects as well. You do have to make up for the gain in film speed by increasing the development according to how much you push it. Pulling a films speed is just the opposite of pushing. 400 rated film pulled to 200 is overexposed by one stop and hence needs less development.

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